	CS 596 Java Programming Fall Semester, 1998 Java Intro
	To Lecture Notes Index © 1998, All Rights Reserved, SDSU & Roger Whitney San Diego State University -- This page last updated 31-Aug-98

Contents of Doc 1, Java Intro

References

Various web pages listed in text

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 2

What is Java?

A Language
A Platform
An OS
A Chip

Java - The Language

C/C++ basic syntax

C/C++ basic data types

int, char, float, double, long, short, byte

“Pure” OO language


No stand alone functions
All code is part of a class

No explicit pointers - uses references

Uses garbage collection

Uses standard C/C++ control structures

Java is strongly typed

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 3

Java - The Language

Java is normally compiled to a bytecode

Java bytecode is a machine language for an abstract machine

Each platform (or browser) that runs Java has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM or sometimes VM)

The JVM executes Java bytecodes

JVMs with Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers will:

Compile the bytecodes to native machine code
This is done for each method the first time is executed
The native machine code is cached
The JVM then runs the native machine code for the method

Java 1.2 will have a JVM (Hotspot) that runs Java code much faster than simple JIT JVMs

Other languages can be compiled to Java's bytecode

An Ada compiler exists that compiles Ada to Java bytecode

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 4

Java - The Platform

Java has a large API (application programming interface) covering a wide range of areas

The following list of Java APIs and applications from Sun show the range of applications of Java

See http://java.sun.com/products/index.html for more information about these items

Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - GUI

Java Interface Definition Language (IDL) - CORBA

JDBC^TM Database Access

JavaBeans^TM - componentware

Java^TM Communications API - serial & parallel port

JavaHelp^TM

JavaMail

Java Media

Java^TM 2D, Java 3D ^TM , Java ^TM Sound, Java ^TM Speech
Java^TM Advanced Imaging
Java^TM Media Framework

Java^TM Web Server ^TM

PersonalJava^TM - Java on personal consumer devices

EmbeddedJava^TM - Java on embedded devices

Java^TM Card ^TM - Java on a smart card

Java^TM Naming and Directory Interface ^TM (JNDI)

Java Message Service (JMS)

Java Transaction API (JTA)

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 5

Java - The OS

Sun and IBM are implementing the Java OS which is an operating system that executes the Java environment directly on hardware platforms

Java - The Chip

Some companies are implementing hardware that uses the Java bytecode as native machine code

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 6

Versions of Java

JDK = Java Development Kit

JDK 1.0.2

First widely used version
All browsers with Java support this version

JDK 1.1.X

Current release is JDK 1.1.6
Made changes to the language from JDK 1.0.X Add inner classes

API is about 3 times larger than 1.0.2
Event model for GUI components changed from 1.0.2

JDK 1.2

Currently in beta 4
Now due out in November
API is about 3 times larger than 1.1.X, so lots of new stuff
Should contain major performance increases
Major additions to GUI components

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 7

Levels of Java API

Each JDK defines a standard set of API classes and methods

Sun provides standard extensions to the standard API

Others can and do provide Java APIs

Sun also provides standard subsets of the JDK for platforms with space restrictions

PersonalJava^TM

Java on personal consumer devices
See: http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/spec-1-1/pJavaSpec.html for more information

EmbeddedJava^TM

Java on embedded devices
See: http://java.sun.com/products/embeddedjava/spec/eJavaSpec.html for Draft 0.1 of the Embedded Java specification

Java^TM Card ^TM

Java on a smart card
See: http://java.sun.com/products/javacard/index.html for more information about Java ^TM Card ^TM

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 8

Starting Java

Compiling and Executing a Java Program

The following instructions assume that you are on Rohan, the campus Sun used for student accounts

Rohan's address is rohan.sdsu.edu

Rohan runs Solaris OS, a version of UNIX, and supports telnet and X sessions

Location of Java Compilers/JVM on Rohan

To compile and execute a Java program you need access to two programs:

javac - compiles java programs
java - runs the JVM to execute your programs

The location of these programs are:

Java Version	Location
JDK 1.1.6	/opt/java/bin
JDK 1.2beta2	/opt/jdk1.2beta2/bin
JDK 1.2beta4	/opt/jdk1.2beta4/bin

/opt/java/bin will always point to the latest stable version of Java on Rohan

JDK 1.2beta2 is currently on Rohan, it will soon be replaced by JDK 1.2beta4

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 9

Since we will be discussing JDK 1.2 in the class and JDK1.2 is still beta I recommend that:

you add /opt/java/bin to your path


I do this in my .cshrc file with:

   set path = ( . bin /opt/java/bin /usr/local /usr/local/bin  /stuff/removed/here)

you create aliases for /opt/jdk1.2beta2/bin/javac and /opt/jdk1.2beta2/bin/java

I created the aliases jc2 & j2 by adding the following lines to my .cshrc file:

   alias jc2   '/opt/jdk1.2beta2/bin/javac  \!*'
   alias j2   '/opt/jdk1.2beta2/bin/java  \!*'

This way I can use both JDK 1.1.6 and JDK 1.2beta

To compile a java program with JDK1.1.6 compiler use:

javac  JavaSourceFile.java

To compile a java program with JDK1.1.6 compiler use:

jc2 JavaSourceFile.java

Note that there are more programs than java and javac in the java/bin directory

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 10

Compiling & Running HelloWorld

public class HelloWorldExample 
{
   public static void main( String args[] ) 
   {
      System.out.println("Hello World");
   }
}

To compile the above program put it in a file named HelloWorldExample.java

Compile the program using javac (or jc2 )

This will produce the file HelloWorldExample.class

This file contains the Java bytecode for the program

Run the program by the command java HelloWorldExample

Rohan Session

rohan 13-> ls
HelloWorldExample.java
rohan 14-> javac HelloWorldExample.java
rohan 15-> ls
HelloWorldExample.class HelloWorldExample.java
rohan 16-> java HelloWorldExample
Hello World

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 11

Java Source Code Naming Conventions

All java source file should end in .java
Each .java file can contain only one public class
The name of the file should be the name of the public class plus ".java"
Do not use abbreviations in the name of the class
If the class name contains multiple words then capitalize the first letter of each word

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 12

CLASSPATH

Java uses the environment variable CLASSPATH to locate class libraries

On UNIX machines javac and java know where the standard Java class libraries (APIs) are located, so there is no need to set the classpath for the standard libraries

On Rohan there is a useful class library - the SDSU Java Library

To use this class library you need to add it to your classpath

Here is how I set my classpath to access this library

setenv CLASSPATH '.:/opt/local/lib/java'

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 13

JDK Tools

The JDK contains a number of useful tools

See: http://www.eli.sdsu.edu/doc/jdk1.2/docs/tooldocs/tools.html for list of tools and documentation for them

You should look at the options for using java and javac

JDK 1.1.x verses JDK1.2

There have been a few changes in java and javac from 1.1.x to 1.2

Most of the changes involve advanced features, which are not for beginners

On important change is that the -cs option has been dropped in java

This option allowed the command "java" to also act like a compiler and a make file

Doc 1, Java Intro Slide # 14

Downloading a JDK

Warning: Installing a development environment for a language you don't know can be a frustrating process

Depending on your:

platform,
experience installing software on your platform
experience with Java

you may wish to gain experience using Java on Rohan before installing a JDK on your local machine

Sun has free JDK 1.1.6 and JDK 1.2beta4 for Windows and Solaris available for free downloading at: http://java.sun.com/products/index.html

The read me files contain installation instructions

A list of Java ports (JDK 1.1.x) to other platforms can be found at: http://java.sun.com/cgi-bin/java-ports.cgi

In addition a very fast Java development environment can be obtained for free on Windows 95/NT from SuperCede at http://www.supercede.com/prodserv/form1a.html

Information about Java on Linux can be found at: http://substance.blackdown.org/java-linux.html

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