CS 660: BB[ alpha ] trees

CS 660: Combinatorial Algorithms
BB[ alpha ] trees

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San Diego State University -- This page last updated October 24, 1995

Contents of BB[ alpha ] trees Lecture

Reference

Mehlhorn, Data Structures and Algorithms 1: Sorting and Searching, pages 189-199

Weight-Balanced Trees

Let Alpha be a real such that 1/4 < Alpha <= 1 -

Let T be a binary search tree

Let Tl (Tr ) be the left (right) subtree of the root of T

Definitions
The root balance of T, Rho , is given by:

Rho(T) = | Tl | / |T | = 1 - | Tr | / | T |

where | T | = number of leaves of tree T

A tree T is of bounded balance Alpha ,
if for every subtree T' of T we have:

Alpha <= Rho(T' ) <= 1 - Alpha

BB[ Alpha ] is the set of all trees of bounded balance Alpha

Example of BB[ Alpha ] tree Alpha <= 1/3

Node	Root balance
a	1/2
b	2/5
c	5/14
d	2/3

Let bi denote the depth of node xi in tree T. The average path length of T is given by:

Theorem 2[1] Let T be a BB[ Alpha ] with n nodes. Then

a)

then theorem 2 states

P <= 1.15(1 + 1/n) lg( n+1) - 1

and

height(T) <= 2 lg( n +1 ) - 1

Rotations and Root Balance

Let a, b ,c denote the number of leaves in the subtrees shown above.

Let

denote the root balance of the subtrees indicated above. We have by definition:

So:

This gives:

Using the above we get

and

Thus

Rotations and Root Balance Double Rotation

Performance

Lemma

Let .
Let T' be a BB[ Alpha ] tree.
Let T be result of adding (deleting) a node from T'.
Assume that Tl and Tr are BB[ Alpha ] trees.
Assume that T is no longer a BB[ Alpha ] tree.
Then a single or double rotation will balance T

Theorem.

Let . Then there is a constant c such that the total number of single and double rotations required in a sequence of M insertions and deletions into an empty BB[ Alpha ] tree is <= cM

For = 3/11 the prove gives the value of c = 19.59

Experiments suggest that c is near 1

Theorem.